Total Energy Supply

Total energy supply (TES) is the headline supply-side aggregate of the energy balance’s top block. It represents the balance of energy entering the national territory for the first time, energy removed from the national territory, and stock changes — i.e., the amount of energy available in the national territory during the reference period [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.17, PDF p. 118, 2018].

Formula

Total energy supply = Primary energy production

• Import of primary and secondary energy − Export of primary and secondary energy − International (aviation and marine) bunkers − Stock changes

[IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.17, PDF p. 118, 2018]

As a common convention, the figures shown in published energy balances already carry the sign allocated by the formula above. This is obvious for exports and bunkers (e.g., an export shown as “−1000 tons of coal”), but care is needed reading stock-change values: the balance shows them with the opposite sign to the definition used for the stock-changes flow itself (para. 5.16) — a stock build is shown as a negative value, which could be misread as a stock draw [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.18, PDF p. 118, 2018].

The formula’s terms draw on the four Chapter V flow definitions that make up the balance’s top block:

• Primary energy production (para. 5.10) — the capture or extraction of fuels or energy from natural energy flows, the biosphere and natural reserves of fossil fuels within the national territory, in a form suitable for use; inert matter removed from extracted fuels, and quantities re-injected, flared or vented, are not included [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.19, PDF p. 118, 2018].
• Imports and exports — cover both primary and secondary energy products (paras. 5.11–5.12) [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.20, PDF p. 118, 2018].
• International bunkers — cover both marine and aviation bunkers (paras. 5.14–5.15) [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.21, PDF p. 118, 2018].
• Stock changes (para. 5.16) — measured as closing stock minus opening stock; a positive value is a stock build (a reduction in supply available for other uses), a negative value is a stock draw (an addition to supply for other uses) [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.23, PDF p. 119, 2018].

For each product, the row “total energy supply” in the energy balance reflects the supply of energy embodied in that product; the total supply of energy in the national territory is shown under the balance’s “total” column [IRES, Ch. VIII, para. 8.24, PDF p. 119, 2018].

TES as the headline supply-side aggregate

TES is the summary figure for the entire top block of the energy balance — the counterpart, on the supply side, to total final consumption on the demand side. It sits above the balance’s statistical-difference row, which is calculated between top-block supply and the middle/bottom-block uses (see Energy Balance for the full row-block structure).

Restatement in balance-vs-accounts terms

Chapter XI restates the TES formula above when contrasting the terminological differences between energy balances and SEEA-Energy energy accounts: in energy balances, “supply” represents energy entering the national territory for the first time, less energy exiting the territory (through exports or international bunkering) and stock changes — i.e., exactly the TES formula [IRES, Ch. XI, para. 11.13, PDF pp. 149–150, 2018].

In energy accounts, by contrast, “supply” is defined only as the sum of the production of primary energy and imports (per the residence principle) of energy products; exports, international bunkers and stock changes, together with intermediate consumption and capital formation, are all considered uses rather than supply-side deductions. International bunkering is further recorded as intermediate consumption if undertaken by a resident-operated ship, or as exports if undertaken by a non-resident ship [IRES, Ch. XI, para. 11.14, PDF p. 150, 2018]. See Energy Accounts for the full balances-vs-accounts treatment, including the territory-vs-residence principle that drives this terminological difference.

Use as a headline indicator input

“Total primary energy supply” (TES) is used, alongside total final consumption and electricity use, as a component of Chapter XI’s economic-dimension energy indicators — Table 11.2 names it directly as a component of energy use per capita (ECO1), energy use per unit of GDP (ECO2), fuel shares (ECO11) and renewable energy share (ECO13), and as one of the two components of net energy import dependency (ECO15) [IRES, Ch. XI, Table 11.2, PDF p. 153, 2018].

Related

• IRES Chapter VIII — Energy Balances — the Chapter VIII digest where the TES formula and top block are first defined
• IRES Chapter XI — Uses of Basic Energy Statistics and Balances — the Chapter XI digest restating TES in balance-vs-accounts terms
• Energy Balance — the parent accounting framework; TES is the summary aggregate of its top block
• Energy Accounts — the accounts-side “supply” definition TES is contrasted against, and the territory-vs-residence principle driving the difference
• Production, Imports and Exports, International Bunkers, Stock Changes — the four Chapter V flows that make up the TES formula
• Total Final Consumption — the demand-side headline aggregate that pairs with TES
• Energy Indicators — Chapter XI Table 11.2, where TES is a named component of several economic-dimension indicators